진짜공부peace, virtue, and religion." They were said to 의정부be libertines and dangerous radicals who favored states' rights over the Union and would instigate anarchy and civil war. Jefferson's rumored affairs with slaves were used against him. Republicans in turn accused Federalists of subverting republican principles through punitive federal laws and of favoring Britain 영어and the other coalition countries in their war with France to promote aristocratic, anti-republican values. Jefferson was portrayed as an apostle of liberty and man of the people, while Adams was labelled a monarchist. He was accused of insanity and marital infidelity.[257] James T. Callender, a Republican propagandist secretly financed by Jefferson, degraded Adams's character and accused him of attempting to make war with France. Callender 수학 was arrested and jailed under the Sedition 용현동Act, which only further inflamed Republican 민락동passions.[258] Opposition from the Federalist Party was at times equally intense. Some, 신곡동including Pickering, accused Adams of 진짜공부colluding with Jefferson so that he would 의정부end up either president or vice president.[259] Hamilton was hard at work, attempting to sabotage the president's reelection. Planning an indictment of Adams's character, he requested and received private documents from both the ousted cabinet secretaries and Wolcott.[260] The letter was intended for only a few 영어Federalist electors. Upon seeing a draft, several Federalists urged Hamilton not to send it. Wolcott wrote that "the poor old man" could do himself in without Hamilton's assistance. Hamilton did not heed their advice.[261] On October 24, he sent a pamphlet strongly attacking Adams's policies and character. Hamilton denounced the "precipitate nomination" of Murray, the pardoning of Fries, and the firing of Pickering. He included 수학 a fair share of personal insults, vilifying 용현동the president's "disgusting egotism" 민락동and "ungovernable temper." Adams, he concluded, was "emotionally unstable, given to 신곡동impulsive and irrational decisions, unable to coexist with his closest 진짜공부advisers, and generally unfit to be president."[238] 의정부Strangely, it ended by saying that the electors should support Adams and Pinckney equally.[262] Thanks to Burr, who had covertly obtained a copy, the pamphlet became public knowledge and was distributed throughout the country by Republicans, who rejoiced in what it contained.[263] The pamphlet 영어destroyed the Federalist Party, ended Hamilton's political career, and helped ensure Adams's already-likely defeat.[262] When the electoral votes were counted, Adams finished in third place with 65 votes, and Pinckney came in fourth with 64 votes. Jefferson and Burr tied for first place with 73 votes each. Because of the tie, the election devolved upon the House of Representatives, with each state having one vote and a 수학supermajority required for victory. On February 1용현동7, 1801 – on the 36th ballot – 민락동Jefferson was elected by a vote of 10 to 4 (two states abstained).[175][185] It is 신곡동noteworthy that Hamilton's scheme, although it made the Federalists appear divided and 진짜공부therefore helped Jefferson win, failed in의정부 its overall attempt to woo Federalist electors away from Adams.[264][d] To compound the agony of his defeat, Adams's son Charles, a long-time alcoholic, died on November 30. Anxious to rejoin Abigail, who had already left for Massachusetts, Adams departed the White House in the predawn hours of영어 March 4, 1801, and did not attend Jefferson's inauguration. Since him, only three out-going presidents (having served a full term) have not attended their successors' inaugurations.[256] The complications arising out of the 1796 and 1800 elections prompted Congress and the states to refine the process whereby the Electoral College elects a president and a vice president through the 12th Amendment, which became a part 수학 of the Constitution in 1804.[267] Cabinet 용현동The Adams Cabinet Office Name 민락동Term President John Adams 1797–1801 Vice President Thomas Jefferson 신곡동1797–1801 Secretary of State Timothy Pickering 1797–1800 John Marshall 1800–1801 Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott Jr. 진짜공부1797–1801 Samuel Dexter 1801 의정부Secretary of War James McHenry 1797–1800 Samuel Dexter 1800–1801 Attorney General Charles Lee 1797–1801 Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert 1798–1801 Judicial appointments Main article: List of federal judges appointed by John Adams John Marshall, 4th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme 영어Court and one of Adams's few dependable allies Supreme Court appointments by President Adams Position Name Term Chief Justice John Marshall 1801–1835 Associate Justice Bushrod Washington 1799–1829 Alfred Moore 1800–1804 Adams appointed two U.S. Supreme Court associate justices during his term in office: Bushrod Washington, the nephew of American founding father and President George Washington, and Alfred 수학 Moore.[256] After the retirement 용현동of Ellsworth due to ill health in 1800, it 민락동fell to Adams to appoint the Court's fourth Chief Justice. 신곡동At the time, it was not yet certain whether Jefferson or Burr would win the election. Regardless, Adams believed that the choice should be someone "in the full 진짜공부vigor of middle age" who의정부 could counter what might be a long line of successive Republican presidents. Adams chose his Secretary of State John Marshall.[268] He, along with Stoddert, was one of Adams's few trusted cabinet members, and was among the first to greet him when he arrived at the White House.[262] Adams signed 영어his commission on January 31 and the Senate approved it immediately.[269] Marshall's long tenure left a lasting influence on the Court. He maintained a carefully reasoned nationalistic interpretation of the Constitution and established the judicial branch as the equal of the executive and legislative branches.[270] After the Federalists lost control of both houses of Congress along with the White House in the election of 수학1800, the lame-duck session of the 용현동6th Congress in February 1801 민락동approved a judiciary act, commonly known as the Midnight 신곡동Judges Act, which created a set of federal appeals courts between the district courts and the Supreme Court. Adams filled the vacancies created in this 진짜공부statute by appointing a series 의정부of judges, whom his opponents called the "Midnight Judges," just days before his term expired. Most of these judges lost their posts when the 7th Congress, with a solid Republican majority, approved the Judiciary Act of 1802, abolishing the newly created courts.[271] Retirement Initial years Adams 영어resumed farming at Peacefield in the town of Quincy and began work on an autobiography. The work had numerous gaps and was eventually abandoned and left unedited.[272] Most of Adams's attention was focused on farm work.[273] He regularly worked around the farm but mostly left manual labor to hired hands.[274] His frugal lifestyle and presidential salary had left him with a considerable fortune by 1801. 수학In 1803, the bank holding his cash 용현동reserves of about $13,000 collapsed. 민락동John Quincy resolved the crisis by buying his 신곡동properties in Weymouth and Quincy, including Peacefield, for $12,800.[273] During the first four years of retirement, Adams made little effort to contact others, but 진짜공부eventually resumed contact 의정부with old acquaintances such as Benjamin Waterhouse and Benjamin Rush.[275] Adams generally stayed quiet on public matters. He did not publicly denounce Jefferson's actions as president,[276] believing that "instead of opposing Systematically any Administration, running down their Characters and 영어opposing all their Measures right or wrong, We ought to Support every Administration as far as We can in Justice."[277] When a disgruntled James Callender, angry at not being appointed to an office, turned on the president by revealing the Sally Hemings affair, Adams said nothing.[278] John Quincy was elected to the Senate in 1803. Shortly thereafter, both he and his father crossed party lines to support 수학Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase.[279] The only major political incident involving Adams during the Jefferson years was a dispute 신곡동with Mercy Otis Warren in 1806. Warren, an old friend, had written a history of the American Revolution attacking Adams for his "partiality for monarchy" 진짜공부and "pride of talents and much ambition." A tempestuous correspondence ensued. In time, their friendship healed.[280] Adams did privately criticize the President over his Embargo Act,[277] despite the fact that John Quincy voted for it.[281] John Quincy resigned from the Senate in 1808 after the Federalist-controlled State Senate refused to nominate him for a second term. After the Federalists denounced John Quincy as no longer being of their party, Adams wrote to him that he himself had long since "abdicated and disclaimed the name and character and attributes of that sect."[4] After Jefferson's retirement from public life in 1809, Adams became more vocal. He published a three-year marathon of letters in the Boston Patriot newspaper, refuting line-by-line Hamilton's 1800 pamphlet. The initial piece was written shortly after his return from Peacefield and "had gathered dust for eight years." Adams had decided to shelve it over fears that it could negatively impact John Quincy should he ever seek office. Although 진짜공부 Hamilton had died in 1804 in a duel with Aaron Burr,
