공부습관with the success of his ancestors since their migration to the New World.[338] He believed that regular 강서구church service was beneficial to man's moral sense. Everett (1966) concludes that "Adams strove for a religion based on a common sense sort of reasonableness" and maintained 등촌동that religion must change and evolve toward perfection.[339] Fielding (1940) argues that Adams's beliefs synthesized Puritan, deist, and humanist concepts. Adams at one point said that Christianity had originally been revelatory, but was being misinterpreted in the service of superstition, fraud, and unscrupulous power.[340] Frazer (2004) notes that while 가양동he shared many perspectives with deists and often used deistic terminology, "Adams clearly was not a deist. Deism rejected any and all supernatural activity and 영어intervention by God; consequently, deists did not believe in miracles or God's providence. ... Adams did believe in miracles, providence, and, to a certain extent, the Bible as revelation."[341] Frazer argues that Adams's "theistic 공부습관rationalism, like that of the other Founders, was a sort of middle ground between Protestantism 강서구and deism."[342] In 1796, Adams denounced Thomas Paine's deistic criticisms of Christianity in The Age of Reason, saying, "The Christian religion is, above all the religions 등촌동that ever prevailed or existed in ancient or modern times, the religion of wisdom, virtue, equity and humanity, let the Blackguard Paine say what he will."[343] But historian Gordon S. Wood (2017) writes, "Although both Jefferson and Adams denied the miracles of the Bible and the divinity of Christ, Adams always retained a respect for the religiosity 가양동of people that Jefferson never had; in fact, Jefferson tended in private company to mock religious feelings."[344] In his retirement years, Adams moved away from some of the Puritan sentiments of his youth and closer to more mainstream Enlightenment religious ideals. 수학 He blamed institutional Christianity for causing much suffering but continued to be an active Christian while maintaining that 공부습관religion was necessary for society. He became a Unitarian, rejecting the divinity of Jesus.[345] 강서구David L. Holmes argues that Adams, while adopting central tenets of the Unitarian creed, accepted Jesus as the redeemer of humanity and the biblical accounts of his 등촌동miracles as true.[346] Legacy Historical reputation See also: Bibliography of John Adams Franklin summed up what many thought of Adams when he said, "He means well for his country, is always an honest man, often a wise one, but sometimes, and in some things, absolutely out of his senses."[347] Adams came to be seen as someone with a 가양동long, distinguished, and honorable career in public service, and a man of great patriotism and integrity, but whose vanity, stubbornness, and cantankerousness often got 영어him into unnecessary trouble. Adams strongly felt that he would be forgotten and underappreciated by history. These feelings often manifested themselves through envy and verbal attacks on other Founders.[165][348] Historian George Herring argues that Adams 공부습관was the most independent-minded of the Founders.[349] Though he formally aligned 강서구with the Federalists, he was somewhat a party unto himself, at times disagreeing with the Federalists as much as he did the Republicans.[350] He was often described등촌동 as "prickly", but his tenacity was fed by decisions made in the face of universal opposition.[349] Adams was often combative, which diminished presidential decorum, as he admitted in his old age: "[As President] I refused to suffer in silence. I sighed, sobbed, and groaned, and sometimes screeched and screamed. And I must confess to my 가양동shame and sorrow that I sometimes swore."[351] Stubbornness was seen as one of his defining traits, a fact for which Adams made no apology. "Thanks to God that he gave me stubbornness when I know I am right," he wrote.[352] His resolve to advance peace with 수학 France while maintaining a posture of defense reduced his popularity and contributed to his defeat for reelection.[353] Most historians applaud him for avoiding an all-out war 공부습관with France during his presidency. His signing of the Alien and Sedition Acts is almost 강서구always condemned.[354] According to Ferling, Adams's political philosophy fell "out of step" with the way that the country was heading. The country tended further등촌동 away from Adams's emphasis on order and the rule of law and towards the Jeffersonian vision of liberty and weak central government. In the years following his retirement from public life, as first Jeffersonianism and then Jacksonian democracy grew to dominate American politics, Adams was largely forgotten.[355] When his name was 가양동mentioned, it was typically not in a favorable way. In the 1840 presidential election, Whig candidate William Henry Harrison was attacked by Democrats on the false 영어allegation that he had once been a supporter of John Adams.[356] Adams was eventually subject to criticism from states' rights advocates. Edward A. Pollard, a strong supporter of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, singled out Adams, writing: The first President 공부습관from the North, John Adams, asserted and essayed to put into practice the supremacy 강서구of the "National" power over the states and the citizens thereof. He was sustained in his attempted usurpations by all the New England states and by a powerful등촌동public sentiment in each of the Middle States. The "strict constructionists" of the Constitution were not slow in raising the standard of opposition against a pernicious error.[357] In the 21st century, Adams remains less well known than many of America's other Founding Fathers. McCullough argued that "[t]he problem with Adams 가양동is that most Americans know nothing about him." Todd Leopold of CNN wrote in 2001 that Adams is "remembered as that guy who served a single term as president between Washington and Jefferson, and as a short, vain, somewhat rotund man whose stature seems수학 to have been dwarfed by his lanky colleagues."[358] He has always been seen, Ferling says, as "honest and dedicated", but despite his lengthy career in public service, Adams is still overshadowed 공부습관by the dramatic military and political achievements and strong personalities of 강서구his contemporaries.[359] Gilbert Chinard, in his 1933 biography of Adams, described the man as "staunch, honest, stubborn and somewhat narrow."[360] In his 등촌동two-volume 1962 biography, Page Smith lauds Adams for his fight against radicals such as Thomas Paine, whose promised reforms portended anarchy and misery. Ferling, in his 1992 biography, writes that "Adams was his own worst enemy." He criticizes him for his "pettiness ... jealousy, and vanity", and faults him for his frequent 가양동separations from his wife and children. He praises Adams for his willingness to acknowledge his deficiencies and for striving to overcome them. In 1995, Peter Shaw 영어published The Character of John Adams. Ferling believes that the man who emerges is one "perpetually at war with himself", whose desire for fame and recognition leads to charges of vanity.[361] In 2001, David McCullough published a biography of the president entitled John Adams. McCullough 공부습관lauds Adams for consistency and honesty, "plays down or explains away" his 강서구more controversial actions, such as the dispute over presidential titles and the predawn flight from the White House, and criticizes his friend and rival, 등촌동Jefferson. The book sold very well and was very favorably received and, along with the Ferling biography, contributed to a rapid resurgence in Adams's reputation.[362] In 2008, a miniseries was released based on the McCullough biography, featuring Paul Giamatti as Adams.[363] In memoriam Main article: List of memorials to John 가양동Adams Adams is commemorated as the namesake of various counties, buildings, and other items.[251][364][365] One example is the John Adams Building of the Library of Congress, an institution whose existence Adams had signed into law.[251] Unlike 수학many other Founders, Adams does not have a monument dedicated to him in Washington, D.C.,[366] although a family inclusive Adams Memorial was authorized in 2001 and awaits funding. According to McCullough, "Popular 공부습관symbolism has not been very generous toward Adams. There is no memorial, no statue ... in his honor in our nation's capital, and to me that is absolutely inexcusable. It's long past time when we should recognize what he did, and who he was."[367] Notes Old style: October 19, 1735 The site of the Adams house is now in Quincy, Massachusetts, which was separated from Braintree and organized as a new town in 1792. Jefferson, after entering office, approved a negotiated end to the 1778 alliance, freeing the United States of foreign entanglements, while excusing France from paying indemnities.[245] Ferling attributes Adams's defeat to five factors: the stronger organization of the Republicans; Federalist disunity; the controversy surrounding the Alien and Sedition Acts; the popularity of Jefferson in the South; 수학and the effective politicking of Burr in New York.[265] Adams wrote, "No party that ever existed knew itself so little or so vainly overrated its own influence and popularity as ours. None ever understood 공부습관so ill the causes of its own power,
